systemctl / systemd commands

Posted on by Jeff

Starting and Stopping Services

To start a systemd service, executing instructions in the service’s unit file, use the start command:

  • sudo systemctl start application.service

Sincesystemd knows to look for *.service files for service management commands, so the command could just as easily be typed like this:

  • sudo systemctl start application

To stop a currently running service, you can use the stop command instead:

  • sudo systemctl stop application.service

Restarting and Reloading

To restart a running service, you can use the restart command:

  • sudo systemctl restart application.service

If the application in question is able to reload its configuration files (without restarting), you can issue the reload command to initiate that process:

  • sudo systemctl reload application.service

If you are unsure whether the service has the functionality to reload its configuration, you can issue the reload-or-restart command. This will reload the configuration in-place if available. Otherwise, it will restart the service so the new configuration is picked up:

  • sudo systemctl reload-or-restart application.service

Enabling and Disabling Services

To start a service at boot, use the enable command:

  • sudo systemctl enable application.service

This will create a symbolic link from the system’s copy of the service file, usually in /lib/systemd/system or /etc/systemd/system) into the location on disk where systemd looks for autostart files (usually /etc/systemd/system/some_target.target.wants.

To disable the service from starting automatically, you can type:

  • sudo systemctl disable application.service

This will remove the symbolic link.

Enabling and Starting Services together

To enable and start a service in one command, use

  • sudo systemctl enable application.service –now

Checking the Status of Services

To check the status of a service on your system, you can use the status command:

  • systemctl status application.service

There are also methods for checking for specific states. For instance, to check to see if a unit is currently active (running), you can use the is-active command:

  • systemctl is-active application.service

This will return the current unit state, which is usually active or inactive. The exit code will be “0” if it is active, making the result simpler to parse in shell scripts.

To see if the unit is enabled, you can use the is-enabled command:

  • systemctl is-enabled application.service

This will output whether the service is enabled or disabled and will again set the exit code to “0” or “1” depending on the answer to the command question.

A third check is whether the unit is in a failed state. This indicates that there was a problem starting the unit in question:

  • systemctl is-failed application.service

This will return active if it is running properly or failed if an error occurred. If the unit was intentionally stopped, it may return unknown or inactive. An exit status of “0” indicates that a failure occurred and an exit status of “1” indicates any other status.

System State Overview

The commands so far have been useful for managing single services, but they are not very helpful for exploring the current state of the system. There are a number of systemctl commands that provide this information.

Listing Current Units

To see a list of all of the active units that systemd knows about, we can use the list-units command:

  • systemctl list-units

This will show you a list of all of the units that systemd currently has active on the system. The output will look something like this:

Output

UNIT                                      LOAD   ACTIVE SUB     DESCRIPTION
atd.service                               loaded active running ATD daemon
avahi-daemon.service                      loaded active running Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack
dbus.service                              loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus
dcron.service                             loaded active running Periodic Command Scheduler
dkms.service                              loaded active exited  Dynamic Kernel Modules System
getty@tty1.service                        loaded active running Getty on tty1
. . .

The output has the following columns:

  • UNIT: The systemd unit name
  • LOAD: Whether the unit’s configuration has been parsed by systemd. The configuration of loaded units is kept in memory.
  • ACTIVE: A summary state about whether the unit is active. This is usually a fairly basic way to tell if the unit has started successfully or not.
  • SUB: This is a lower-level state that indicates more detailed information about the unit. This often varies by unit type, state, and the actual method in which the unit runs.
  • DESCRIPTION: A short textual description of what the unit is/does.

Since the list-units command shows only active units by default, all of the entries above will show loaded in the LOAD column and active in the ACTIVE column. This display is actually the default behavior of systemctl when called without additional commands, so you will see the same thing if you call systemctl with no arguments:

  • systemctl

We can tell systemctl to output different information by adding additional flags. For instance, to see all of the units that systemd has loaded (or attempted to load), regardless of whether they are currently active, you can use the --all flag, like this:

  • systemctl list-units –all

This will show any unit that systemd loaded or attempted to load, regardless of its current state on the system. Some units become inactive after running, and some units that systemd attempted to load may have not been found on disk.

You can use other flags to filter these results. For example, we can use the --state= flag to indicate the LOAD, ACTIVE, or SUB states that we wish to see. You will have to keep the --all flag so that systemctl allows non-active units to be displayed:

  • systemctl list-units –all –state=inactive

Another common filter is the --type= filter. We can tell systemctl to only display units of the type we are interested in. For example, to see only active service units, we can use:

  • systemctl list-units –type=service

Listing All Unit Files

The list-units command only displays units that systemd has attempted to parse and load into memory. Since systemd will only read units that it thinks it needs, this will not necessarily include all of the available units on the system. To see every available unit file within the systemd paths, including those that systemd has not attempted to load, you can use the list-unit-files command instead:

  • systemctl list-unit-files

Units are representations of resources that systemd knows about. Since systemd has not necessarily read all of the unit definitions in this view, it only presents information about the files themselves. The output has two columns: the unit file and the state.

Output

UNIT FILE                                  STATE   
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount          static  
dev-hugepages.mount                        static  
dev-mqueue.mount                           static  
proc-fs-nfsd.mount                         static  
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount              static  
sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount              static  
sys-kernel-config.mount                    static  
sys-kernel-debug.mount                     static  
tmp.mount                                  static  
var-lib-nfs-rpc_pipefs.mount               static  
org.cups.cupsd.path                        enabled
. . .

The state will usually be enabled, disabled, static, or masked. In this context, static means that the unit file does not contain an install section, which is used to enable a unit. As such, these units cannot be enabled. Usually, this means that the unit performs a one-off action or is used only as a dependency of another unit and should not be run by itself.

We will cover what masked means momentarily.

Unit Management

So far, we have been working with services and displaying information about the unit and unit files that systemd knows about. However, we can find out more specific information about units using some additional commands.

Displaying a Unit File

To display the unit file that systemd has loaded into its system, you can use the cat command (this was added in systemd version 209). For instance, to see the unit file of the atd scheduling daemon, we could type:

  • systemctl cat atd.service

Output

[Unit]
Description=ATD daemon
[Service]
Type=forking
ExecStart=/usr/bin/atd
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

The output is the unit file as known to the currently running systemd process. This can be important if you have modified unit files recently or if you are overriding certain options in a unit file fragment (we will cover this later).

Displaying Dependencies

To see a unit’s dependency tree, you can use the list-dependencies command:

  • systemctl list-dependencies sshd.service

This will display a hierarchy mapping the dependencies that must be dealt with in order to start the unit in question. Dependencies, in this context, include those units that are either required by or wanted by the units above it.

Output

sshd.service
├─system.slice
└─basic.target
  ├─microcode.service
  ├─rhel-autorelabel-mark.service
  ├─rhel-autorelabel.service
  ├─rhel-configure.service
  ├─rhel-dmesg.service
  ├─rhel-loadmodules.service
  ├─paths.target
  ├─slices.target
. . .

The recursive dependencies are only displayed for .target units, which indicate system states. To recursively list all dependencies, include the --all flag.

To show reverse dependencies (units that depend on the specified unit), you can add the --reverse flag to the command. Other flags that are useful are the --before and --after flags, which can be used to show units that depend on the specified unit starting before and after themselves, respectively.

Checking Unit Properties

To see the low-level properties of a unit, you can use the show command. This will display a list of properties that are set for the specified unit using a key=value format:

  • systemctl show sshd.service

Output

Id=sshd.service
Names=sshd.service
Requires=basic.target
Wants=system.slice
WantedBy=multi-user.target
Conflicts=shutdown.target
Before=shutdown.target multi-user.target
After=syslog.target network.target auditd.service systemd-journald.socket basic.target system.slice
Description=OpenSSH server daemon
. . .

If you want to display a single property, you can pass the -p flag with the property name. For instance, to see the conflicts that the sshd.service unit has, you can type:

  • systemctl show sshd.service -p Conflicts

Output

Conflicts=shutdown.target

Masking and Unmasking Units

We saw in the service management section how to stop or disable a service, but systemd also has the ability to mark a unit as completely unstartable, automatically or manually, by linking it to /dev/null. This is called masking the unit, and is possible with the mask command:

  • sudo systemctl mask nginx.service

This will prevent the Nginx service from being started, automatically or manually, for as long as it is masked.

If you check the list-unit-files, you will see the service is now listed as masked:

  • systemctl list-unit-files

Output

. . .
kmod-static-nodes.service              static  
ldconfig.service                       static  
mandb.service                          static  
messagebus.service                     static  
nginx.service                          masked
quotaon.service                        static  
rc-local.service                       static  
rdisc.service                          disabled
rescue.service                         static
. . .

If you attempt to start the service, you will see a message like this:

  • sudo systemctl start nginx.service

Output

Failed to start nginx.service: Unit nginx.service is masked.

To unmask a unit, making it available for use again, use the unmask command:

  • sudo systemctl unmask nginx.service

This will return the unit to its previous state, allowing it to be started or enabled.

Editing Unit Files

While the specific format for unit files is outside of the scope of this tutorial, systemctl provides built-in mechanisms for editing and modifying unit files if you need to make adjustments. This functionality was added in systemd version 218.

The edit command, by default, will open a unit file snippet for the unit in question:

  • sudo systemctl edit nginx.service

This will be a blank file that can be used to override or add directives to the unit definition. A directory will be created within the /etc/systemd/system directory which contains the name of the unit with .d appended. For instance, for the nginx.service, a directory called nginx.service.d will be created.

Within this directory, a snippet will be created called override.conf. When the unit is loaded, systemd will, in memory, merge the override snippet with the full unit file. The snippet’s directives will take precedence over those found in the original unit file.

If you wish to edit the full unit file instead of creating a snippet, you can pass the --full flag:

  • sudo systemctl edit –full nginx.service

This will load the current unit file into the editor, where it can be modified. When the editor exits, the changed file will be written to /etc/systemd/system, which will take precedence over the system’s unit definition (usually found somewhere in /lib/systemd/system).

To remove any additions you have made, either delete the unit’s .d configuration directory or the modified service file from /etc/systemd/system. For instance, to remove a snippet, we could type:

  • sudo rm -r /etc/systemd/system/nginx.service.d

To remove a full modified unit file, we would type:

  • sudo rm /etc/systemd/system/nginx.service

After deleting the file or directory, you should reload the systemd process so that it no longer attempts to reference these files and reverts back to using the system copies. You can do this by typing:

  • sudo systemctl daemon-reload

Adjusting the System State (Runlevel) with Targets

Targets are special unit files that describe a system state or synchronization point. Like other units, the files that define targets can be identified by their suffix, which in this case is .target. Targets do not do much themselves, but are instead used to group other units together.

This can be used in order to bring the system to certain states, much like other init systems use runlevels. They are used as a reference for when certain functions are available, allowing you to specify the desired state instead of the individual units needed to produce that state.

For instance, there is a swap.target that is used to indicate that swap is ready for use. Units that are part of this process can sync with this target by indicating in their configuration that they are WantedBy= or RequiredBy= the swap.target. Units that require swap to be available can specify this condition using the Wants=, Requires=, and After= specifications to indicate the nature of their relationship.

Getting and Setting the Default Target

The systemd process has a default target that it uses when booting the system. Satisfying the cascade of dependencies from that single target will bring the system into the desired state. To find the default target for your system, type:

  • systemctl get-default

Output

multi-user.target

If you wish to set a different default target, you can use the set-default. For instance, if you have a graphical desktop installed and you wish for the system to boot into that by default, you can change your default target accordingly:

  • sudo systemctl set-default graphical.target

Listing Available Targets

You can get a list of the available targets on your system by typing:

  • systemctl list-unit-files –type=target

Unlike runlevels, multiple targets can be active at one time. An active target indicates that systemd has attempted to start all of the units tied to the target and has not tried to tear them down again. To see all of the active targets, type:

  • systemctl list-units –type=target

Isolating Targets

It is possible to start all of the units associated with a target and stop all units that are not part of the dependency tree. The command that we need to do this is called, appropriately, isolate. This is similar to changing the runlevel in other init systems.

For instance, if you are operating in a graphical environment with graphical.target active, you can shut down the graphical system and put the system into a multi-user command line state by isolating the multi-user.target. Since graphical.target depends on multi-user.target but not the other way around, all of the graphical units will be stopped.

You may wish to take a look at the dependencies of the target you are isolating before performing this procedure to ensure that you are not stopping vital services:

  • systemctl list-dependencies multi-user.target

When you are satisfied with the units that will be kept alive, you can isolate the target by typing:

  • sudo systemctl isolate multi-user.target

Using Shortcuts for Important Events

There are targets defined for important events like powering off or rebooting. However, systemctl also has some shortcuts that add a bit of additional functionality.

For instance, to put the system into rescue (single-user) mode, you can just use the rescue command instead of isolate rescue.target:

  • sudo systemctl rescue

This will provide the additional functionality of alerting all logged in users about the event.

To halt the system, you can use the halt command:

  • sudo systemctl halt

To initiate a full shutdown, you can use the poweroff command:

  • sudo systemctl poweroff

A restart can be started with the reboot command:

  • sudo systemctl reboot

These all alert logged in users that the event is occurring, something that only running or isolating the target will not do. Note that most machines will link the shorter, more conventional commands for these operations so that they work properly with systemd.

For example, to reboot the system, you can usually type:

  • sudo reboot